Longtime exposure to particulate matter especially the particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) which can go directly to the alveoli of the lungs, is a major health hazard.
文PM2.5就是指“可入肺颗粒物”,PM的英文全称为particulate matter(微粒物、悬浮微粒),PM2.5就是指大气中直径小于或等于2.5微米的颗粒物,可直接进入人体的alveoli of the lungs(肺泡),也称为“可入肺颗粒物”,它的直径还不到人头发丝粗细的1/20。PM2.5主要来自vehicle exhaust(机动车尾气尘)、燃油尘、硫酸盐、餐饮油烟尘、建筑水泥尘、煤烟尘和硝酸盐等。
PM2.5粒径小,这种fine particles(细微颗粒)富含大量的toxic and harmful substance(有毒、有害物质)且在大气中的停留时间长、输送距离远,因而对人体健康和大气环境质量的影响更大。今后,使用PM2.5 measurement(PM2.5标准)进行air quality monitoring(空气质量监测)正成为全球趋势。
6. 弱势群体 vulnerable groups
《中国日报》
"Also, public attitude is inclined to sympathize with vulnerable groups," Xie said, adding that public opinion would eventually influence public policy.
报告指出,cyber opinions/public opinion on the Internet(网络民意)很多时候可以直接或间接推动事件进展和矛盾解决,有助于克服决策过程中的information asymmetry(信息不对称)等难题。这里的cyber opinion(网络民意)就是借助或通过网络这一信息平台所反映出的社会公众思想、舆论的趋向和导向。
自改革开放以来,我国经济发展一直保持strong momentum(强劲势头),然而这种galloping economy(飞速发展的经济)也伴随着一些负面问题,比如wide income inequality(收入差距增大)、high environmental costs(较高的环境代价)、inadequate domestic spending(国内消费不足)等等。专家分析认为,将中国的经济发展模式转变为sustainable pattern(可持续发展模式)是避免这一问题的关键。
灰色收入 off-the-books income
新华社
Wen also vowed to crack down on and ban illegal income, regulate off-the-books income, gradually form a transparent, fair and rational pattern of income distribution, and resolutely reverse the widening income gap.
China has decided to start public hospital reform with pilot programs in selected cities or districts in each province, autonomous region and municipality, according to a cabinet guideline passed Wednesday.
文中的public hospital reform就是指“公立医院改革”,其中的public hospital就是指“公立医院”,与之对应的则是private hospital(私营医院)。此次实行的改革是一次pilot program(试点项目),将极大改进medical service system(医疗服务体系),改善doctor-patient relationship(医患关系)。
此次改革后,医院将逐步取消profiting from drugs(药品加成)。在职职工一般都参加了basic medical insurance(基本医疗保险),农村也已建立了new type of rural cooperative medical care system(新型农村合作医疗制度)。去年,我国还公布了essential medicines list(基本药物清单),对部分药品进行限价。在医疗机构中,illegal medical practice(非法行医)将受到严惩。
还有几个盲点词·
“医疗游客”medical tourist
例Estimates say that 1 in 30 Argentines has gone under the knife, making surgeons here some of the most experienced on the globe, attracting large number of medical tourists.
medical tourist指那些到技术精湛的国家就医,顺便到当地旅游的人。Medical tourism和medical travel都属于medical tour(医疗旅游),但是和medical tourist不同,medical traveler(医疗旅者)是指那些因为危急疾病到国外求医的病人,一般没有闲情参观国外的名胜。相比之下,medical tourist所要治疗的都是不危及生命的身体缺憾,大部分时间都是在旅游。
基本药物 essential medicine
指satisfy healthcare needs and are available to the public at all times in adequate amounts and in appropriate dosages.(适应我国基本医疗卫生需求,能够保障供应,剂型适宜的药品)。这一制度是medical reform program(医药体制改革)的一部分,有利于转变“以药补医”机制,ease the financial burden on citizens(减轻群众用药负担)。今年年底之前,grassroots clinics(社区卫生站)将全部配备基本药物。